comparative perspectives
ON GENDER INEQUALITIES
WELCOME TO MY COURSE RESOURCE PAGE
HOPEFULLY YOU WILL FIND EASY TO ACCESS MATERIALS YOU WILL NEED FOR THIS COURSE HERE.
THE TWO DAY COURSE IS ORGANISED AROUND FOUR SESSIONS.
PART 1 COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING GENDER INEQUALITY AT WORK
PART 2 MEASURING AND COMPARING GENDER INEQUALITIES
PART 3 CONCEPTUALISING GENDER INEQUALITIES IN TERMS OF CONTRACTS AND CONVENTIONS
PART 4 CONTESTING GENDER CONTRACTS AND UNEQUAL PAY
NEWS STORIES - I will be uploading links to relevant news stories at the end of this page
FORUM DISCUSSIONS & NEWS - If you have any comments use the forum discussion at the end of this page; you can also send in links to interesting new materials
HOPEFULLY YOU WILL FIND EASY TO ACCESS MATERIALS YOU WILL NEED FOR THIS COURSE HERE.
THE TWO DAY COURSE IS ORGANISED AROUND FOUR SESSIONS.
PART 1 COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING GENDER INEQUALITY AT WORK
PART 2 MEASURING AND COMPARING GENDER INEQUALITIES
PART 3 CONCEPTUALISING GENDER INEQUALITIES IN TERMS OF CONTRACTS AND CONVENTIONS
PART 4 CONTESTING GENDER CONTRACTS AND UNEQUAL PAY
NEWS STORIES - I will be uploading links to relevant news stories at the end of this page
FORUM DISCUSSIONS & NEWS - If you have any comments use the forum discussion at the end of this page; you can also send in links to interesting new materials
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PART 1 COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING GENDER INEQUALITY AT WORK
The introduction to this course outlines different theoretical approaches to understanding gender inequalities at work from a comparative perspective. It focuses on how established approaches in the fields of comparative political economy include gender relations in their analysis. The course is organised with an opening lecture providing an overview of the history of these debates in organisational theory, comparative political economy and welfare state research. It examines how they have informed comparative empirical enquiry into what makes effective and productive economies and the inclusion of a gendered analysis. The questions students will be expected to reflect on and discuss in the seminar are 1. What dimensions of a society should we include in comparing economic performance and gender equality? 2. Do goals around gender equality matter, or are they just showcasing measures that are irrelevant? 3. How important, or insignificant, are gender equality issues in terms of political, economic or democratic goals of a society? CORE READING O'Reilly, J. (2006) ‘Framing Comparisons: Gendering perspectives on cross-national comparisons of welfare and work’ Work, Employment and Society 20(4): 731-750. O’Reilly, J. (2000) ‘Is it time to gender the societal effect?’ In M. Maurice and A. Sorge (eds.), Embedding organizations. Societal analysis of actors, organizations and socio-economic context. (Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins) pp. 345-358. O’Reilly, J. (1996) ‘Theoretical considerations in cross-national employment research’ Sociological Research Online, 1(1) March http://www.socresonline.org.uk/1/1/2.html |
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SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Cappelli, P. (1999), The New Deal At Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Crouch, C. (1999) Social Change in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crouch, C. (1993) Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (Clarendon Press: Oxford).
Daly M and Rake K (2003) Gender and the Welfare State: Care, Work and Welfare in Europe and the USA. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dobbin. F. (2009) Inventing Equal Opportunity (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
Goldin, C. (2014). ‘A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter’, American Economic Review, Vol. 104, No. 4, pp. 1091–1119.
Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H. and Squires, J. (2012) Institutionalizing Intersectionality: The Changing Nature of European Equality Regimes, Houndsmills Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Le Feuvre N (2010) Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ. In: Scott J et al. (eds) Gender Inequalities in the 21st Century: New Barriers and Continuing Constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 126–49.
Lewis, J., Knijn, T., Martin, C. and Ostner, I. (2008) ‘Patterns of Development in Work/Family Reconciliation Policies for Parents in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK in the 2000s’ Social Politics, 15: 3, 261-286.
Sen AK (1990) Gender and cooperative conflicts. In: Tinker I (ed.) Persistent Inequalities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 123–49.
Streeck W and Thelen K (2005) Introduction. In: Streeck W and Thelen K (eds) Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–39.
Streeck, W. (2010) ‘E Pluribus Unum? Varieties and Commonalities of Capitalism’, Max Plank Institute for the Study of Societies (MPIfG) Discussion Paper No. 10/12.
West C and Zimmerman DH (2009) Accounting for doing gender. Gender and Society 23(1):112–22.
Almond, P. and H. Connolly (2017) A ‘slow’ manifesto for comparative research on work and employment
Economic benefits of gender equality: briefing paper
Economic Benefits Interactive data
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PART 2 MEASURING AND COMPARING GENDER INEQUALITIES
Here we examine the development of the European Union Gender Equality Index (www.eige.europa.eu/content/activities/gender-equality-index). First we examine the theoretical debates that informed the development of this index looking at the work of Fraser and Plantenga.
The students will be expected to look at this resource prior to attending the class. They will need to examine a minimum of two countries and to compare their score on this index. They will need to explain why one society is clearly performing better than another society they want to compare it against. They will need to suggest what the poor performing society would need to do to improve their ratings. They would also need to identify the obstacles they anticipate in order to bring about change to achieve the desired goals. All students will be expected to participate actively in this session.
CORE READING
Plantenga, J. and J. Hansen (2001) 'Assessing Equal Opportunities in the European Union' in M.F. Loutfi (ed) Women, Gender and Work (Geneva: ILO) pp 273-304
Plantenga, J., C. Remery, H. Figueiredo and M. Smith (2009) 'Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index' Journal of European Social Policy 2009; 19; 19
Fraser, N. (1994) 'After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State' Political Theory, Vol. 22, No. 4. (Nov., 1994), pp. 591-618
Fraser, N., (1997) ‘Justice Interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition’, Routledge, New York.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Fraser, N. and Gordon, L. (1994) ‘“Dependency” Demystified: Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the Welfare State’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 1: 1, 4-32.
Karamessini M. and J. Rubery (eds.) Women in Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality (London: Routledge)
Pascall, G., and Lewis, J., ‘Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe’, Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 33, No 3, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 373–394.
Verloo, M., ‘Displacement and empowerment: Reflections on the concept and practice of the Council of Europe approach to gender mainstreaming and gender equality’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, Vol. 12, No 3, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 344–365.
Walby, S., ‘Beyond the politics of location: The power of argument in gender equality politics’, pp. 36–51 in Lombardo, E., Meier, P. and Verloo, M. (eds), ‘The discursive politics of gender equality: Stretching, bending and policymaking’, Routledge, London, 2009.
Walby, S., ‘Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, Vol. 12, No 3, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 321–343.
USEFUL ONLINE RESOURCES THAT PROVIDE DIRECT ACCESS TO THE INDEX AND A SERIES OF RELEVANT REPORTS
Gender Equality Index A new driver for social change? Online discussion report [ - 191.28 KB]
Gender Equality Index the way forward: Online discussion report [ - 176.16 KB]
Institutional capacity and effective methods for gender equality: Online discussion report [ - 223.1 KB]
Gender Equality Index - Main findings [ - 1.43 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Country profiles [ - 12.84 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Report [ - 4.18 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Leaflet [ - 3.93 MB]
Rationale for the Gender Equality Index for Europe [ - 203.1 KB]
Strategy for equality between women and men 2010-2015, by European Commision [ - 55.63 KB]
Here we examine the development of the European Union Gender Equality Index (www.eige.europa.eu/content/activities/gender-equality-index). First we examine the theoretical debates that informed the development of this index looking at the work of Fraser and Plantenga.
The students will be expected to look at this resource prior to attending the class. They will need to examine a minimum of two countries and to compare their score on this index. They will need to explain why one society is clearly performing better than another society they want to compare it against. They will need to suggest what the poor performing society would need to do to improve their ratings. They would also need to identify the obstacles they anticipate in order to bring about change to achieve the desired goals. All students will be expected to participate actively in this session.
CORE READING
Plantenga, J. and J. Hansen (2001) 'Assessing Equal Opportunities in the European Union' in M.F. Loutfi (ed) Women, Gender and Work (Geneva: ILO) pp 273-304
Plantenga, J., C. Remery, H. Figueiredo and M. Smith (2009) 'Towards a European Union Gender Equality Index' Journal of European Social Policy 2009; 19; 19
Fraser, N. (1994) 'After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State' Political Theory, Vol. 22, No. 4. (Nov., 1994), pp. 591-618
Fraser, N., (1997) ‘Justice Interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition’, Routledge, New York.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Fraser, N. and Gordon, L. (1994) ‘“Dependency” Demystified: Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the Welfare State’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 1: 1, 4-32.
Karamessini M. and J. Rubery (eds.) Women in Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality (London: Routledge)
Pascall, G., and Lewis, J., ‘Emerging gender regimes and policies for gender equality in a wider Europe’, Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 33, No 3, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 373–394.
Verloo, M., ‘Displacement and empowerment: Reflections on the concept and practice of the Council of Europe approach to gender mainstreaming and gender equality’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, Vol. 12, No 3, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 344–365.
Walby, S., ‘Beyond the politics of location: The power of argument in gender equality politics’, pp. 36–51 in Lombardo, E., Meier, P. and Verloo, M. (eds), ‘The discursive politics of gender equality: Stretching, bending and policymaking’, Routledge, London, 2009.
Walby, S., ‘Gender mainstreaming: Productive tensions in theory and practice’, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, Vol. 12, No 3, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 321–343.
USEFUL ONLINE RESOURCES THAT PROVIDE DIRECT ACCESS TO THE INDEX AND A SERIES OF RELEVANT REPORTS
Gender Equality Index A new driver for social change? Online discussion report [ - 191.28 KB]
Gender Equality Index the way forward: Online discussion report [ - 176.16 KB]
Institutional capacity and effective methods for gender equality: Online discussion report [ - 223.1 KB]
Gender Equality Index - Main findings [ - 1.43 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Country profiles [ - 12.84 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Report [ - 4.18 MB]
Gender Equality Index - Leaflet [ - 3.93 MB]
Rationale for the Gender Equality Index for Europe [ - 203.1 KB]
Strategy for equality between women and men 2010-2015, by European Commision [ - 55.63 KB]
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PART 3 CONCEPTUALISING GENDER INEQUALITIES IN TERMS OF CONTRACTS AND CONVENTIONS
We examine the concept of a gender contract, reproductive bargains and the concept of conventions. These approaches draw on political theory and how this can be applied to understand contemporary debates about the roles of men and women in the economy. The session will be organised with an introductory lecture followed by a class discussion around the folllowing questions: 1. How useful is the concept of a gender contract to understand gender inequalities? 2. What is the difference between a gender contract and reproductive bargains? 3. What are the sources of gendered conventions and what leads to them changing over time? CORE READING O’Reilly, J. (2013) ‘Challenging the Balkanisation of Gender Contracts in times of Austerity’ in Karamessini M. and J. Rubery (eds.) Women in Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality (London: Routledge) pp. 37-53. O’Reilly, J., Roche J. and Nazio, T. (2014) ‘Compromising Conventions: Attitudes to Families and Maternal Employment in Denmark, Poland, Spain and the UK’ Work, Employment and Society vol 28: 2 pp.168-188 O'Reilly, J. and Spee, C. (1998) 'The Future Regulation of Work and Welfare: Time for a Revised Social and Gender Contract?' European Journal of Industrial Relations, 4(3): 259-81. 
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SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Blossfeld, H. P., Hofmeister, H., Eds. (2006). Globalization, Uncertainty and Women’s Careers, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Boltanski L and Thévenot L (2006) On Justification: Economies of Worth. Translated by Catherine Porter. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Braun M, Scott J and Alwin DF (1994) Economic necessity or self-actualization? Attitudes toward women’s labour-force participation in East and West Germany. European Sociological Review 10(1): 29–47.
Deakin, S. (2000) ‘The Many Futures of the Contract of Employment’, ESRC Centre of Business Research Working Paper no. 191, Cambridge.
Eymard-Duvernay F (2006a) L’économie des conventions, méthodes et résultats. Tome 1, Débats. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
Eymard-Duvernay F (2006b) L’économie des conventions, quinze ans après. Tome 2, Développements. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2002) Why We Need a New Welfare State Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger L (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fouquet, A., Gauvin, A. and Letablier, M.-T. (2002), Des contrats sociaux entre les sexes différents selon les pays de l’Union européenne, Paris: Conseil d'Analyse Economique.
Fraser, N. (1997) ‘Beyond the Master/Subject Model: On Carole Pateman’s The Sexual Contract’ in N. Fraser Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the „Postsocialist“ Condition, New York and London: Routledge, 225-35.
Fraser, N. (2011) ‘Between Marketisation and Social Protection: Ambivalences of Feminism in the Context of Capitalist Crisis’. http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/1536/.
Gottfried, H. (2013) Gender, Work and Economy: Unpacking the Global Economy, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hirdman, Y. (1994) Women – From Possibility to Problem? Gender Conflict in the Welfare State. The Swedish Model, Research Report No. 3, Stockholm: Arbetslivscentrum/ The Swedish Centre for Working Life Now Institute of Working Life).
Hirdman, Y. (1998) ‘Social Policy and gender contracts: the Swedish experience’ in Drew, E., Emerek, R. and Mahon, E. Women, Work and the Family in Europe London: Routledge,36-46.
Latsis J, De Larquier G and Bessis F (2010) Are conventions solutions to uncertainty? Contrasting visions of social coordination. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32(4): 535–58.
Laufer, J. (1998) ‘Equal Opportunity between Men and Women: The Case of France’, Feminist Economics, 4: 1, 53-69.
Koven, S. and Michel, S. (1993) Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, New York: Routledge.
Leira, A. (2002) ‘Updating the gender contract? Childcare reforms in the Nordic countries in the 1990s’, NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 10: 2, 81-89.
Lewis, J. (2002) ‘Individualisation, assumptions about the existence of an adult worker model and the shift towards contractualism’, in A. H. Carling, S. Duncan and R. Edwards (eds) Analysing Families: Morality and Rationality in Policy and Practice, London: Routledge.
McBride, D. and Mazur, A.G. (2010) The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
McGinnity, F. and Whelan, C.T. (2009) ‘Comparing Work-Life Conflict in Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey’, Social Indicators Research, 93, 433-444.
Naumann, I.K. (2005) ‘Child care and feminism in West Germany and Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s’ Journal of European Social Policy, 15: 1, 47-63.
Nazio, T. (2008a) Cohabitation Family and Society: European Experiences London and NY: Routledge.
Nazio, T. (2008b) Are storks striking for a contract renewal? Childbirth under changing employment, family and welfare arrangements: Full Research Report, ESRC [http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/RES-061-23-0127/read]
Pateman (1988) The Sexual Contract Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pateman, C. (1989) The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pateman, C. and Mills, C. (2007) Contract and Domination, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pearson, R. (1997) ‘Renegotiating the Reproductive Bargain: Gender Analysis of Economic Transition in Cuba in the 1990s’, Development and Change, 28: 4, 671-70
Polanyi, K. (1957) The Great Transformation: the political and economic origins of our time, Boston: Beacon Press
Saraceno, C. and Keck W. (2011) ‘Towards an integrated approach for the analysis of gender equity in policies supporting paid work and care responsibilities’, Demographic Research, 25: 11, 371-406.
Skocpol, T. (1995) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in United States, Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Supiot, A. (2001), Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tilly, L. and Scott, J. (1978) Women, Work and Family, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Thévenon O (2006) Régimes d’état social et convention familiale: une analyse des régulations emploi-famille. Economies et Sociétés, Série Socio-économie du Travail 27(6): 1137–71.
Thévenot L (2009) Governing life by standards: a view from engagements. Social Studies of Science 39(5): 793–813.
Blossfeld, H. P., Hofmeister, H., Eds. (2006). Globalization, Uncertainty and Women’s Careers, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Boltanski L and Thévenot L (2006) On Justification: Economies of Worth. Translated by Catherine Porter. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Braun M, Scott J and Alwin DF (1994) Economic necessity or self-actualization? Attitudes toward women’s labour-force participation in East and West Germany. European Sociological Review 10(1): 29–47.
Deakin, S. (2000) ‘The Many Futures of the Contract of Employment’, ESRC Centre of Business Research Working Paper no. 191, Cambridge.
Eymard-Duvernay F (2006a) L’économie des conventions, méthodes et résultats. Tome 1, Débats. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
Eymard-Duvernay F (2006b) L’économie des conventions, quinze ans après. Tome 2, Développements. Paris: Editions La Découverte.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2002) Why We Need a New Welfare State Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger L (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fouquet, A., Gauvin, A. and Letablier, M.-T. (2002), Des contrats sociaux entre les sexes différents selon les pays de l’Union européenne, Paris: Conseil d'Analyse Economique.
Fraser, N. (1997) ‘Beyond the Master/Subject Model: On Carole Pateman’s The Sexual Contract’ in N. Fraser Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the „Postsocialist“ Condition, New York and London: Routledge, 225-35.
Fraser, N. (2011) ‘Between Marketisation and Social Protection: Ambivalences of Feminism in the Context of Capitalist Crisis’. http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/1536/.
Gottfried, H. (2013) Gender, Work and Economy: Unpacking the Global Economy, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hirdman, Y. (1994) Women – From Possibility to Problem? Gender Conflict in the Welfare State. The Swedish Model, Research Report No. 3, Stockholm: Arbetslivscentrum/ The Swedish Centre for Working Life Now Institute of Working Life).
Hirdman, Y. (1998) ‘Social Policy and gender contracts: the Swedish experience’ in Drew, E., Emerek, R. and Mahon, E. Women, Work and the Family in Europe London: Routledge,36-46.
Latsis J, De Larquier G and Bessis F (2010) Are conventions solutions to uncertainty? Contrasting visions of social coordination. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 32(4): 535–58.
Laufer, J. (1998) ‘Equal Opportunity between Men and Women: The Case of France’, Feminist Economics, 4: 1, 53-69.
Koven, S. and Michel, S. (1993) Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States, New York: Routledge.
Leira, A. (2002) ‘Updating the gender contract? Childcare reforms in the Nordic countries in the 1990s’, NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 10: 2, 81-89.
Lewis, J. (2002) ‘Individualisation, assumptions about the existence of an adult worker model and the shift towards contractualism’, in A. H. Carling, S. Duncan and R. Edwards (eds) Analysing Families: Morality and Rationality in Policy and Practice, London: Routledge.
McBride, D. and Mazur, A.G. (2010) The Politics of State Feminism: Innovation in Comparative Research Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
McGinnity, F. and Whelan, C.T. (2009) ‘Comparing Work-Life Conflict in Europe: Evidence from the European Social Survey’, Social Indicators Research, 93, 433-444.
Naumann, I.K. (2005) ‘Child care and feminism in West Germany and Sweden in the 1960s and 1970s’ Journal of European Social Policy, 15: 1, 47-63.
Nazio, T. (2008a) Cohabitation Family and Society: European Experiences London and NY: Routledge.
Nazio, T. (2008b) Are storks striking for a contract renewal? Childbirth under changing employment, family and welfare arrangements: Full Research Report, ESRC [http://www.esrc.ac.uk/my-esrc/grants/RES-061-23-0127/read]
Pateman (1988) The Sexual Contract Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pateman, C. (1989) The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pateman, C. and Mills, C. (2007) Contract and Domination, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pearson, R. (1997) ‘Renegotiating the Reproductive Bargain: Gender Analysis of Economic Transition in Cuba in the 1990s’, Development and Change, 28: 4, 671-70
Polanyi, K. (1957) The Great Transformation: the political and economic origins of our time, Boston: Beacon Press
Saraceno, C. and Keck W. (2011) ‘Towards an integrated approach for the analysis of gender equity in policies supporting paid work and care responsibilities’, Demographic Research, 25: 11, 371-406.
Skocpol, T. (1995) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in United States, Cambridge: Belknap Press.
Supiot, A. (2001), Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tilly, L. and Scott, J. (1978) Women, Work and Family, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Thévenon O (2006) Régimes d’état social et convention familiale: une analyse des régulations emploi-famille. Economies et Sociétés, Série Socio-économie du Travail 27(6): 1137–71.
Thévenot L (2009) Governing life by standards: a view from engagements. Social Studies of Science 39(5): 793–813.
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PART 4 GENDER CONTRACTS AND EQUAL PAY
This part of the course focuses on comparing international differences in the gender pay gap. The core reading examines different disciplinary approaches to explaining why gender pay gaps exist (Rubery and Grimshaw 2015) drawing on a wide range of empirical evidence to examine how the pay gap has, or has not, narrowed in the past forty years (O'Reilly et al. 2015, Deakin et al. 2015). This part of the course will start with an overview lecture Students will be expected to investigate the case of two countries to compare and contrast where the wage gap has narrowed or remained increasingly high. They will provide a short presentation of their analysis and relate it to the theoretical approaches discussed by Rubery and Grimshaw (2015). They will then be expected to discuss what policy measures can be implemented to reduce these gaps, what evidence there has been that these policies are effective. CORE READING O’Reilly, J., Smith, M., Deakin, S. and Burchell, B., (2015) ‘Equal Pay as a Moving Target: International perspectives on the gender pay gap’ Special Issue on the Gender Pay Gap, Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2) online access available from the 3rd March 2015 Rubery, J. and Grimshaw, D. (2015) ‘The 40-year pursuit of equal pay: a case of constantly moving goalposts’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2) online access available from the 3rd March 2015. Deakin, S., S Fraser Butlin, C. McLaughlin, and A. Polanska (2015) 'Are litigation and collective bargaining complements or substitutes for achieving gender equality? A study of the British Equal Pay Act' Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2): 381-403 USEFUL ONLINE RESOURCES Equal Pay Portal mainly for the UK but with good links to other countries including the US and EU European Sources OECD countries for a useful collection of data sources and definitions on measures of gender pay gaps) EHRC Equal pay / pay gaps reading list NEWS
NEWS STORIES From the UK Guardian World Economic Forum There are a number of methodological issues with regard to how these gaps are measured using different sources of data and whether comparisons are restricted to full-time workers, or include part-timers (see Grimshaw 2011, Whitehouse 2001 and Zabalza and Tzannatos 1985, for a more in depth discussion of this issue. Through the looking glass on gender pay gap transparency
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SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Acker, J. (1989) Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Blau, F. and L. Kahn (2007) The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women Gone as Far as they Can? Academy of Management Perspectives 21, pp7-23.
Blau, F., & Kahn, L. (1992) ‘The gender earnings gap: learning from international comparisons’, The American Economic Review, 82(2): 533-538.
Burchell, B.J., Hardy, V., Rubery J. and Smith M. (2014) A New Method to Understand Occupational Gender Segregation in European Labour Markets. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/gender-equality/files/documents/150119_segregation_report_web_en.pdf
Butler, P. (2012) ‘Birmingham city council faces £757m bill to settle equal pay claims’. The Guardian, 12 November. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/nov/12/birmingham-council-equal-pay
Deakin, S., Butlin, S.F, McLaughlin, C and Polnska, A. (2015) ‘Are Litigation and Collective Bargaining Complements or Substitutes for Achieving Gender Equality? A Study of the British Equal Pay Act’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2)
Deakin, S. and McLaughlin, C. (2012) ‘Equal Pay, Litigation Strategies, and the Limits of the Law’, Paper presented to the ESRC Seminar 'What is Fair Pay?' University of Brighton, November 9th http://www.brighton.ac.uk/bbs/research/esrc2012/fairpay.php.
Dickens, L. (2007) ‘The road is long: thirty years of equality legislation in Britain’. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45: 463-494.
Eurofound (2014) Drivers of recent job polarisation and upgrading in Europe: European Jobs Monitor 2014, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.http://eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1419en.pdf
Eurostat (2015) ‘Gender pay gap in unadjusted form % - NACE Rev. 2 (Structure of Earnings Survey methodology)’ Downloaded from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/earn_gr_gpg_esms.htm accessed 6 January 2015
Figart, D., Mutari, E. and Power, M. (2002) Living Wages, Equal Wages: Gender and Labour Market Policies in the United States, Routledge
Figueiredo, H., Rocha, V., Biscaia, R. and Teixeira, P. (2015) ‘Gender Pay Gaps and the Restructuring of Graduate Labour Markets in Southern Europe’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2)
Grimshaw, D. (2011) ‘What do we know about low-wage work and low-wage workers? Analysing the definitions, patterns, causes and consequences in international perspective’, Conditions of Work and Employment Series 28 (Geneva, ILO).
Hepple, B. (2013) ‘Back to the future: employment law under the Coalition government’ Industrial Law Journal, 43: 203-223.
Hepple, B. (2014) Equality: The Legal Framework 2nd ed. (Oxford: Hart)
Hepple, B., Coussey, M. and Chowdhury, T. (2000) Equality: A New Framework. Report of the Independent Review of the Enforcement of UK Anti-Discrimination Legislation (Oxford: Hart Publishing).
ILO (2015) Global Wage Report 2014/15: Wage and Income Inequality. (ILO: Geneva) http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_324678.pdf
IWPR (2011) ‘The Gender wage Gap: 2013’ IWPR #c350 April 2011 Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Available at http://www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-2012/at_download/file Accessed 13 January 2015
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EHRC Reading List on Vulnerable Workers
Find out the gender pay gap for your job
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